The experimental {determination|dedication|willpower} of static stiffness {is an important|is a crucial|is a vital} {task|activity|job|process} in structural design. {The two|The 2} {current|present} {methods|strategies} {include|embody|embrace} clamping the {structure|construction}, {applying|making use of} pre-{defined|outlined} {loads|hundreds|masses}, and measuring the displace- ments, or performing EMA and interpolating the frequency response {function|operate|perform} to {0|zero} Hz. Both {methods|strategies} require {high|excessive} experimental effort in laboratory setup. This paper presents {a new|a brand new} {idea|concept|thought}, whereby the struc- ture is measured {during|throughout} {normal|regular} {operating|working} {conditions|circumstances|situations}, and OMA is used to reconstruct the stiffness matrix. The {challenge|problem} of unscaled eigenvectors in operational modal {analysis|evaluation} is overcome {using|utilizing} mass modifica- tion scaling, whereby the {structure|construction} is measured at a baseline and mass modified {condition|situation}. Three {different|completely different|totally different} {models|fashions} {were|had been|have been} investigated: a {basic|fundamental|primary} discrete {model|mannequin}, a laboratory ladder {frame|body} and a {car|automobile|automotive} {body|physique}. Investigations {were|had been|have been} {conducted|carried out|performed} into {the effects|the consequences|the results} of the {position|place} and magnitude of the mass mod- ification, the {number of|variety of} assigned {degrees|levels} of freedom of the system, the mode {shape|form} error {effect|impact} and the {effect|impact} of modal truncation.
KeyThe experimental {determination|dedication|willpower} of static stiffness {is an important|is a crucial|is a vital} {task|activity|job|process} in structural design. {The two|The 2} {current|present} {methods|strategies} {include|embody|embrace} clamping the {structure|construction}, {applying|making use of} pre-{defined|outlined} {loads|hundreds|masses}, and measuring the displace- ments, or performing EMA and interpolating the frequency response {function|operate|perform} to {0|zero} Hz. Both {methods|strategies} require {high|excessive} experimental effort in laboratory setup. This paper presents {a new|a brand new} {idea|concept|thought}, whereby the struc- ture is measured {during|throughout} {normal|regular} {operating|working} {conditions|circumstances|situations}, and OMA is used to reconstruct the stiffness matrix. The {challenge|problem} of unscaled eigenvectors in operational modal {analysis|evaluation} is overcome {using|utilizing} mass modifica- tion scaling, whereby the {structure|construction} is measured at a baseline and mass modified {condition|situation}. Three {different|completely different|totally different} {models|fashions} {were|had been|have been} investigated: a {basic|fundamental|primary} discrete {model|mannequin}, a laboratory ladder {frame|body} and a {car|automobile|automotive} {body|physique}. Investigations {were|had been|have been} {conducted|carried out|performed} into {the effects|the consequences|the results} of the {position|place} and magnitude of the mass mod- ification, the {number of|variety of} assigned {degrees|levels} of freedom of the system, the mode {shape|form} error {effect|impact} and the {effect|impact} of modal truncation. Key findings {include|embody|embrace} {significantly|considerably} {reduced|decreased|diminished|lowered} reconstruction errors when the mass modification is a scalar {multiple|a number of} of the mass matrix. It was {also|additionally} {found|discovered} that the accuracy of the reconstructed stiffness matrix is strongly dependent on the uncertainty {in the|within the} eigenvectors, {as well as|in addition to} how the {model|mannequin} is truncated. A finite {element|aspect|component|factor|ingredient} {model|mannequin} of the ladder {frame|body} was used {to test|to check} {different|completely different|totally different} modification {strategies|methods} and {to compare|to check|to match} to {results|outcomes} from operational modal {analysis|evaluation}. A key {finding|discovering} which was not revealed by the discrete {model|mannequin} was the {importance|significance} of {including|together with} the RBM {in the|within the} stiffness matrix reconstruction. Finally experimental modal {analysis|evaluation} and operational modal {analysis|evaluation} {were|had been|have been} {conducted|carried out|performed} on an Audi TT.
The 2011 Audi A3's engine produces 200 hp @ 5100 rpm. {How many|What number of} gallons does the {gas|fuel|gasoline} tank {in the|within the} 2011 Audi A3 hold? The {gas|fuel|gasoline} tank on the 2011 Audi A3 holds 14.5 gal.. How {much|a lot} torque does the engine {in the|within the} 2011 Audi A3 have? The 2011 Audi A3's engine produces 207 ft-lbs. {What is the|What's the} EPA-assessed {interior|inside} {volume|quantity} of the 2011 Audi A3? {According to|Based on|In accordance with|In keeping with|In line with|In response to} the EPA, the {interior|inside} {volume|quantity} of the 2011 Audi A3 is 109.{0|Zero} cu.ft.. Is the 2011 Audi A3 {front|entrance} wheel drive rear wheel drive or {four|4} wheel drive? The 2011 Audi A3 has {front|entrance} wheel drive. {What is the|What's the} cargo {capacity|capability} of the 2011 Audi A3 with all seats in place? The 2011 Audi A3 has 19.5 cu.ft. {What is|What's} {the city|the town|town} and {highway|freeway} {range|vary} of the 2011 Audi A3 in miles? The EPA {range|vary} estimate for the 2011 Audi A3 is 304.5 mi. 435.{0|Zero} mi. on the {highway|freeway}. {What is the|What's the} EPA {city|metropolis} and {highway|freeway} mileage estimate for the 2011 Audi A3? The EPA mileage estimate for the 2011 Audi A3 is 21 mpg in {the city|the town|town}, 30 mpg on the {highway|freeway}. What are {the release|the discharge} dates for The Car Coach - 2011 2012 Audi A3 TDI? {How many|What number of} valves does the 2006 Audi A3 have? The 2006 Audi A3 has {16|sixteen} valves.
The 2015 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2009 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2009 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2011 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2011 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2010 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2010 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2013 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2013 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2006 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2006 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2008 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2008 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2012 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2012 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. Is the 2007 Audi A3 electric or {gas|fuel|gasoline}? The 2007 Audi A3 is a {gas|fuel|gasoline}-powered {vehicle|automobile|car}. What {size|dimension|measurement} engine does the 2015 Audi A3 have? The 2015 Audi A3 has an inline {4|four} engine. {What is the|What's the} cam {type|kind|sort} of the 2015 Audi A3? The 2015 Audi A3 has double overhead cam (DOHC).
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